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A Study on the Importance of Introducing Railway Organizational Structural Reforms in Sri Lanka: A Passenger Transport Perspective
(NSBM Green University, 2022-11-25) Perera H.A.V.K.; Shaja M.M.M.
William Coase, introducing his theorem on cost efficiency in 1975, had explained that allowing free trade would result in the optimum outcome under any specific economic condition. Privatisation was the best solution that was presented over the world to cut the financial inefficiency that was created by the monopolies of state owned entities out. Even at that, structural reforms are encouraged over outright privatisation. ‘Regulatory Reforms’ is an on-going process that optimizes the regulatory performance of an economy. Many potential problem areas would occur, if we were to consider the long-term trial and-error process of introducing railway structural reforms; such as, (1) whether the structural reforms that will undertake will be appropriate for an industry as technically complex as railways, (2) whether a system of negotiated contracts will lead to lower transaction costs than a system of administered commands, (3) whether the vertical separation of infrastructure and operations will ignore the likelihood of pursuing the concepts of an integrated economy; such as investment planning and land-use planning at the strategic level, maintenance planning at the tactical level, and planning to recover from possible infrastructure failures at the operational level, (4) whether there will be practical problems, when determining the costs of regulating the infrastructure management, (5) whether there will be diseconomies of scope form jointly operating freight and passenger services, (6) whether a split into three or four operators will be more efficient than separating operations market into less than three or more than four competitors, (7) whether the franchising bid will not be competitive, (8) whether franchising contracts would be difficult to specify, award, enforce, and renew, even if there were some sort of a competition that system of administered commands, (3) whether the vertical separation of infrastructure and operations will ignore the likelihood of pursuing the concepts of an integrated economy; such as investment planning and land-use planning at the strategic level, maintenance planning at the tactical level, and planning to recover from possible infrastructure failures at the operational level, (4) whether there will be practical problems, when determining the costs of regulating the infrastructure management, (5) whether there will be diseconomies of scope form jointly operating freight and passenger services, (6) whether a split into three or four operators will be more efficient than separating operations market into less than three or more than four competitors, (7) whether the franchising bid will not be competitive, (8) whether franchising contracts would be difficult to specify, award, enforce, and renew, even if there were some sort of a competition that
A Study on the Impact of Digital Transformation on Job Roles of Accounting Professionals: Evidence from Sri Lanka
(NSBM Green University, 2023-11-25) Sooriyaarachchi, T.D
The study aims to identify the impact of digital transformation on the job roles of accounting professionals in terms of the functions of the role, the objective of the role, specific duties and responsibilities assigned to the role, and the knowledge and skills required to perform the job role.The study attempts to answer the following question: How has digital transformation impacted the job roles of accounting professionals in Sri Lanka?Accordingly, 25 Sri Lankan accounting professionals whose organizations have been subjected to digital transformation during their tenure were interviewed to identify the impact of digital transformation on their job roles.The study revealed that the use of blockchain technology, use of big data, artificial intelligence, and the use of cloud computing are the most prominent digital transformations that have impacted the accounting profession in Sri Lanka. Further, the study revealed changes in accounting job roles including job tasks, job tools, and required skills as a result of digital transformation.
A Novel Approach to Solving the Fuzzy Assignment Problems
(NSBM Green University, 2022-11-25) Ekanayake, E.M.D.B.; Ekanayake, E. M. U. S. B.
The most successful and practical approach to solving an optimization problem is linear programming. A prime scenario of a problem is a situation where all the constraints are linear and either the function is inequalities or equivalent. Here, the problem of maximizing or minimizing an objective function was the key thing. Due to these factors, numerous types of optimization problems developed. Such as the problems with scheduling, transportation, and engineering. In the fields of logistics and business operations, for example, assignment problems are quite important. To optimally allocate a set of resources to a set of tasks is the main goal of the classical assignment problem in mathematical optimization. Here, resources should be distributed among each other so that costs are minimized. In solving such problems, the Hungarian method can be pointed out as one of the most successful and widely used methods. However, problems are created with some uncertainty or ambiguity in solving them in the real world.When the cost values related to the assignment problem cannot be expressed precisely, fuzzy theory is used for a range of values. It has created fuzzy assignment problems. The main purpose of these problems is to develop ways to minimize the total cost of resource distribution. There are many techniques for fuzzy set theory and fuzzy optimization in linear programming. Also, to solve the problem, researchers have proposed different methods to obtain an optimal or near optimal solution. Thus, the purpose of this research paper is to address the above mentioned point. For that, a new alternative method was proposed in this research paper, and its efficiency and correctness have been shown by solving numerical problems using MATLAB software.
A Methodology for The Use of Long-Range Dependency and Machine Learning Algorithms for Rainfall Forecasting
(NSBM Green University, 2023-11-25) Hasadara, K.D.H.
Forecasting rainfall is found to be an important indicator to the undisturbed continuation of social and economic activities. This derives the significance of predicting rainfall, providing better decision making in sectors such as agriculture, power, and tourism. This paper discusses the methodology behind applying long range dependency and machine learning in rainfall forecasting. It was determined that a time series should be established with data from past rainfall figures. This data will be analyzed through the Auto Correlation Factor (ACF) and the Partial Auto Correlation Factor (PACF) to check for seasonality and to identify the lag after which the other lags are insignificant. A time series process is categorized as long memory if the serial dependence or the ACF decays slower than an exponential decay. An exponentially decaying ACF can be categorized as having short memory. The spectral density of the time series will also be measured to gauge how far the peaks are from zero. The times series with peaks closer to zero will be considered as standard long memory, while the further peaks will be categorized as generalized long memory. The Ljung-Box Test and the Brusch-Godfrey Test will be used to assess whether any group of autocorrelations are different from zero. Based on the outputs from this analysis, it is possible to apply the time series into models such as ETS and ARIMA for prediction. The residual values from the models can determine the best fit model. Which can be further verified through machine learning.
A Critical Examination of The Societal Structural Transformations in Sri Lanka Facilitated by Private Television Channels During the Turn of The Millennium: A Concept Paper
(NSBM Green University, 2022-11-25) Nayanapriya, M.G.T .; Ranatunga, S.A.
The invention of television diverted society onto a different path, as it entertained people with a consistent array of various content. This industry fills the gap that other sectors, such as photography and films, couldn't. However, in the context of Sri Lanka, television was introduced in 1979 with the Independent Television Network and in 1982 with the Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation. In the first decade of television in Sri Lanka, it aimed to accomplish the media literacy of Sri Lankans. However, after granting permission to private television channels to broadcast their content in Sri Lankan territory, the intention of television broadcasting changed. Due to the profitoriented journey among Sri Lankan television channels, their intention shifted towards grabbing the audience's attention by telecasting entertaining, educational, and other important content. This trend mainly improved with the beginning of the year 2000, a remarkable year that people all over the world had awaited, believing it would change traditional aspects of the world. This ideology influenced television channels in Sri Lanka, and private television channels always tried to capture the attention of Sri Lankan audiences with entertainment-oriented programs. This effort was a success, and the Sri Lankan community frequented those entertainment programs. As a result, a significant impact occurred in the society of Sri Lanka because of these programs. This trend mainly caused the establishment of pop culture in Sri Lanka When considering history, we can clearly identify how the behavior of private television channels in Sri Lanka directly influenced societal, political, and cultural changes in the country.